indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
six; six years of age; six o'clock (old time system)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to face; to go towards; to head towards
journey; trip; travels; during the journey; on the way; while travelling
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thief; robber; burglar; rebel; insurgent; traitor
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
end (e.g. of street); tip; beginning; start; odds and ends; scrap
tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
poor (living); barely continuing; just scraping along; very narrow
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
unsatisfying; disappointing; abrupt; not enough; too quick; too short
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect (someone); to look after (e.g. an injured leg); to defend; to cover for; to stand up for; to stick up for
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back