indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
name; given name; first name
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
certainly; without fail; right and wrong; pros and cons
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
school building; schoolhouse
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
please (give me); please (do for me)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to write down; to note; to jot down; to remember
so; like this; in this way
snare; trap (for catching wild game, etc.); trap (i.e. ruse, subterfuge, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
more or less; though not quite satisfactorily; tentatively; for the time being; just in case; once
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
protagonist; main character; hero(ine) (of a story); head of household
letter; missive; note; mail
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
creepy (feeling); uneasy (feeling); bad (feeling); giving one the creeps; hideous; scaring
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance