indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sudden; abrupt; unexpected; unforeseen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thief; robber; burglar; bandit
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
otherwise; or else; if not
guilty (feeling, conscience, look, etc.); (feeling) uneasy
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to take refuge in; to succeed in running away
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to let something (or somebody) go past; to do too much
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
some; any; please; anyway; anyhow
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
intruder; invader; trespasser; raider
area; domain; territory; field; range; region
to invade; to raid; to infringe; to encroach; to harm; to afflict
unprepared; careless; imprudent; indiscreet
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
even if; (it doesn't matter) whether (A or B or ...); whatever; should
to drive away; to clear; to scatter; to disperse
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
dignity; majesty; solemnity; gravity
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
to follow (road); to pursue (course); to follow up; to follow (hyperlink)
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
direction of movement (motion); direction of travel (esp. train)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
rustling; flapping; unkempt (hair, etc.); loose; dry; decisively
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic; to hurry; to rush; to hasten
to jump up; to start up; to leap to one's feet; to fly away; to take off