indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to put up (a notice, sign, etc.); to hang out (e.g. a banner); to hold up high; to raise overhead; to tout (a principle, plan, etc.); to herald; to publish
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
coloring; colouring; color scheme; colour scheme; (touch of) colour; embellishment
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
black and white; monochrome; good and evil; right and wrong; guilt and innocence
surface of a board or record
playing; play (margin between on and off, gap before pressing button or lever has an effect)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nerve; nerves; sensitivity
weakness; debility; breakdown; prostration
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
interest; appeal; attraction; fun
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
one by one; each; every; at intervals of
to mince; to cut fine; to carve; to engrave; to tick away (time); to beat out (e.g. rhythm); to etch (into one's mind)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
with a clink (click, clack)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
cannot (do); it is impossible that...; it is (highly) unlikely that...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
this and that; this or that; one thing or another; around; about; round about
half; 50%; tie; 5 parts; 5%
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to project; to reflect; to cast (shadow)
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
needle; pin; hook; stinger; thorn; hand (e.g. clock, etc.); pointer
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
epic film; big-budget movie