indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
entrance; entry; gate; approach; mouth
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
late summer; sixth month of the lunar calendar
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
late at night; at a late hour
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
office (e.g. the Oval Office)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to work hard; to try hard; to strive; to endeavour; to endeavor; to devote oneself to
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
to finish; to get through with; to graduate; to come to an end; to end; to finish doing ...
brow; glabella; middle forehead; area between the eyebrows
to rub; to crumple; to massage; to argue; to have a heated discussion; to train; to coach
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
ordinary; nothing special; nothing to exclaim over
(one's) workload; amount of work (to be) done by one
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
tough; hard; determined; strong-minded; strong (e.g. sunlight, alcohol); severe
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
inside one's heart; in one's mind
to grumble; to gripe; to complain
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
disagreeableness; unpleasantness; nastiness; cutting remark; disagreeable remark; snide comment
nothing but; except; no more than
to be heard; to be audible; to sound (like); to come across (as); to be well known; to be famous