Keichō era (1596.10.27-1615.7.13)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
to say; to tell; to state; to do
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to collapse; to crumble; to get out of shape; to lose one's shape; to break down; to be thrown into disarray; to crash (stock market)
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be in a hurry; to be impatient; to be anxious (to do); to get a fright; to panic; to get flustered
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata); family crest shaped like creeping woodsorrel
(family) crest; coat of arms; pattern; figure
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
of all (things, people, places, days, etc.)
number one; first; best; most; game; round
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
heaven's punishment; divine punishment; well-deserved punishment; just punishment
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
opposition; resistance; antagonism; reverse; opposite; inverse
to overcome (opposition); to push past; to force one's way; to press and cut
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to continue; to keep up; to keep on