indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to serve; to work for; to attend
(medieval) knight; samurai on horseback
order of chivalry; chivalric order
military officer; naval officer
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to serve as; to act as; to fill (the position of); to play the role of; to be in charge of; to hold (a position)
capable person; talented person; human resources; personnel
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
producing (people) in great numbers; appearing one after the other
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(one's) self; oneself; yourself; himself; herself
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
about; on; regarding; per; for every
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
... years old; age (of) ...
tree; shrub; wood; timber; wooden clappers (signalling the beginning or end of a performance)
pole; rod; line; dash; spoken monotonously
to clasp; to grasp; to hold (the answer); to have (e.g. the solution); to seize (power); to hold (the reins)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to hold (in one's hand); to take (into one's hand); to own; to obtain
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at that time; in those days; at that moment; then
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
one-year-old; one year old
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
alone; by oneself; on one's own
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to wield; to brandish; to display (one's knowledge); to show off; to abuse (one's power); to manipulate someone
occasionally; once in a while; now and then
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout