indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
first generation; founder
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
university or college offering four-year programs; the big four ...; the four major ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
eldest daughter; first-born daughter
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
kingfisher (esp. the common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis); jade (gem); beautiful lustrous colour similar to that of the kingfisher's feathers
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
Florence; Florence (Italy); Firenze
neighbouring country; neighboring country; adjacent country
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to marry (of a woman); to become a bride; to marry into (a family); (arch.) to have sexual intercourse
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
originally; by nature; from the start
weak (constitution); sickly; feeble; in poor health
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
since one was born; (in) all one's life