indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
royal capital; imperial capital
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
educational institution; school; academy; campus
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
middle of a month; second third of a month; 11th to 20th day of a month
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
academic year; school year; year in school; grade in school
system; organization; organisation; imperial command; laws; regulation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
more or less; though not quite satisfactorily; tentatively; for the time being; just in case; once
men and women; man and woman; both sexes; both genders
to branch; to fork; to separate; to split; to disperse; to scatter
hostel; dormitory; (arch.) bureau (government department beneath a ministry under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) tea-ceremony room; (arch.) villa
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
dignity; eminent; high ranking; high-order (digit, bit, etc.)
coming and going; commuting
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
this year; this fiscal year; this school year
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
Marcia; Marsha; Macha; Masha
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
(your) daughter; young woman
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question