indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
royal capital; imperial capital
tempering (metal); annealing; forging; toughening; disciplining; training
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
new face; newcomer; rookie; modern humans (from Cro-Magnon man onwards)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
educational institution; school; academy; campus
Frederick; Frederic; Frederik; Flederique; Fredelic
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
training; drill; practice; discipline
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
repatriation; return; (electrical) feedback
order of chivalry; chivalric order
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
close associate; close aide; brains-truster
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)