indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
difference; distinction; discrepancy; mistake; error
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
educational institution; school; academy; campus
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
as a child; when one was a child
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
loveable; very likeable; like very much
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
respect; esteem; reverence; honour; honor
when it becomes; when it comes to
birthday party; birthday meet-up
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
to like; to be pleased with; to be delighted with; to take a liking to; to suit one's fancy
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo