indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to touch; to come in contact with; to receive (e.g. visitor); to attend to; to receive (news); to get; to encounter
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
a little; some; somewhat; amount; quantity; number
than; from; out of; except; but; more
warm; mild; warm (of a colour); mellow; having enough money
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
land route; overland route; by land; overland
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
connection; link; relationship
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
close; intimate; on good terms
by the way; in this connection; incidentally; in passing
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
system; organization; organisation; imperial command; laws; regulation
future (usually near); prospects
older brother; elder brother
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
retainer; subject; vassal; servant
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to support; to prop; to sustain; to hold at bay; to stem; to check
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
neighbouring country; neighboring country; adjacent country
study; diligence; discount; reduction
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
prime minister; premier; chancellor