indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to touch; to come in contact with; to receive (e.g. visitor); to attend to; to receive (news); to get; to encounter
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
a little; some; somewhat; amount; quantity; number
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
warm; mild; warm (of a colour); mellow; having enough money
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
land route; overland route; by land; overland
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
connection; link; relationship
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
close; intimate; on good terms
by the way; in this connection; incidentally; in passing
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
system; organization; organisation; imperial command; laws; regulation
future; (future) prospects; bringing (from abroad, another region, etc.); bringing about; giving rise to
older brother; elder brother; brother-in-law (spouse's older brother or older sister's husband)
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
retainer; subject; vassal; servant
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to support; to prop; to sustain; to hold at bay; to stem; to check
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
neighbouring country; neighboring country; adjacent country
study; diligence; working hard; experience; knowledge; discount
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
prime minister; premier; chancellor