if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tearing up and discarding (e.g. documents); disposal (e.g. weaponry); annulment; cancellation; reversal (of an original ruling)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
by means of; due to; because of; according to
declaration; proclamation; announcement
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
reading in a monotone; reading a Chinese classical text without translating it into Japanese
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Satan; the Devil; the Prince of Darkness; king of the demons who try to prevent people from doing good
to change into; to convert into; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
dried fish (or shellfish, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
escape; flight; running away; elopement; fleeing
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
confluence (of rivers); merge (of traffic); conflux; union (e.g. of forces); linking up; merging
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
trouble; burden; nuisance; care; dependence; support
royal capital; imperial capital
than; from; out of; except; but; more
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
foot (of a mountain or hill); bottom; base
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
acquisition; obtaining; gaining possession; purchase