indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
fortress; stronghold; citadel
town; city; municipal; urban
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
flame; blaze; fire; attack; aggression
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
many; much; plenty; hardly
sky; the skies; high-altitude sky; upper air
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
group; crowd; flock; herd; bevy; school
to face; to go towards; to head towards
in succession; one by one
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
fireball; bolide; fireball
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
bow and arrow; weapon; arms
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
fighting back; returning fire; counter-attack; responding to an attack; accepting a challenge
majority; more than half; most (of); mostly; largely; mainly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
stubborn; dogged; persistent; tough; sturdy; hardy
scale (of fish, snake, etc.); serif (on kana or kanji (e.g. in Mincho font))
to reject; to repulse; to repel; to bounce back; to counterattack; to strike back
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
one-sided; unilateral; arbitrary
to burn down (to the ground); to clear away by burning; to reduce to ashes; to burn off
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
navigation; (car) navigation system; navigator
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
now; the present time; just now; another; more
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to