equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at once; immediately; without delay; promptly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
training; drill; practice; practising; discipline
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
match; game; bout; contest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to get stuck with (some job); to end up with (something unpleasant)
morning assembly; morning gathering; morning meeting
groan; moan; roar; howl; hum (e.g. motor); buzz (e.g. bee, wire in wind)
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
(real) ability; true strength; merit; arms; force
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be pleased to say
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
double-edged; double-edged blade
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
slow motion (video); moving slowly; moving leisurely
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very