indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
snowmelt; meltwater; melted snow
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
dripping; trickling; drop by drop; in drops
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go away; to become more distant; to fade away; to be estranged
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
since one was born; (in) all one's life
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to pass (of time); to elapse
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
(something) has never occurred; to have never done (something); such a thing has not happened; never happens; there is never a time when
warm; mild; (pleasantly) hot; considerate; kind; genial
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to beat fast (of one's heart); to flutter (with joy, anticipation, etc.); to throb; to pound; to palpitate
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
soundly (sleeping); fast (asleep)
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
going back to sleep (e.g. after waking up in the morning)
Sunday; day (of the month); counter for days; Japan
than; from; out of; except; but; more
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
slightly; lightly; thinly; faintly; dimly
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out