indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
two persons; two people; pair; couple
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
one thin flat object; one sheet
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
loveable; very likeable; like very much
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
to let go of; to release; to part with (e.g. a possession); to relinquish; to send away (e.g. one's child); to let go
chitter; chatter; giggle; screeching; squealing
to be playful; to gambol; to be amused (with something); to flirt with
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to hug someone close; to hold someone tight; to embrace closely
to draw close to; to edge up to; to snuggle up to; to nestle close to; to cuddle with; to draw closer to
to connect; to link together; to tie; to fasten; to maintain; to preserve