indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
two persons; two people; pair; couple
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
book; volume; this; present; main; head; real
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
silver (Ag); silver (color); silver (medal, prize, etc.); silver coin; silver general; bank; (arch.) money
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as if; as though; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest; really; completely
one (thin, flat object); one sheet
it seems that ...; it appears that ...; is like ...; is similar to ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
queen (consort); empress (consort)
disliking; hating; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
liking very much; loving (something or someone); adoring; being very fond of
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
to let go of; to release; to part with (e.g. a possession); to relinquish; to send away (e.g. one's child); to let go
shrieking; squealing; screeching; chattering (e.g. of a monkey); chittering
to be playful; to gambol; to flirt with; (arch.) to have elegance; (arch.) to have refinement
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to hug (someone) tight; to embrace; to give (someone) a tight hug; to cuddle
to draw close to; to edge up to; to snuggle up to; to nestle close to; to cuddle with; to draw closer to
to connect; to link together; to tie; to fasten; to maintain; to preserve; to transfer (phone call)