indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
determination; resolution
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
going through; going via; going by way of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
delightful; joyous; joyful; happy; desirable; welcome
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
castle town; city in Japan that developed around the castle of a feudal lord
to go on a trip; to go out to play; to go and visit (a friend)
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
caller; visitor; company; guest
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job); firing someone
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be too busy; to be occupied; to concentrate on single-mindedly
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
shallow; superficial; slight (wound); light (sleep); short (time); early
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom