indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
should; must; -able; probably; likely
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
very young; little; childish; immature
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
reality; actuality; hard fact
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to lie; to cheat; to pretend; to trick; to deceive
to swear; to vow; to take an oath; to pledge
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
next term; next period; next version; next release
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
almost; roughly; approximately
coincident with; while; simultaneously
due form; official; formality
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
to take (seat, position, course, office, etc.); to assume; to ascend (the throne); to accede; to start (on a journey); to commence
former (incumbent); predecessor
expectation; anticipation; prediction; forecast; conjecture
in comparison to; rather than
early; a little earlier than usual; a little faster than usual; slightly quicker
no use; useless; not fit for its purpose
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
assumption (of office); taking up (a post); inauguration; installation
to be brought forward (e.g. by three hours); to be moved up; to be hasty; to be rash; to quicken; to speed up
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet