indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cancellation; liquidation; resolution; reduction (e.g. of stress)
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hang; to suspend; to lower; to reduce; to demote; to move back
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
awfully; frightfully; desperately; violently; unduly; extremely
sister-in-law (spouse's younger sister or younger brother's wife); younger stepsister; younger adopted sister; non-blood-related younger sister
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
in that way; thus; so; so?
to listen repeatedly; to listen again; to ask a question in return; to ask again; to ask for a repeated explanation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
tear; tears; lachrymal secretion; sympathy
to amass; to accumulate; to store; to leave unpaid
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to cling to; to depend on; to embrace; to hug
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
elder sister; effeminate man
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so