father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
vacantly; blankly; openmouthed; with one's mouth wide-open; with a whack; with a thump
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
unexpected; unforeseen; strange
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
as if; as though; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest; really; completely
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
choices; alternatives; options
hanging around; wandering around (aimlessly); moving around (restlessly); running around
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
nothing but; except; no more than
to occur to; to remind of; to come to mind
another place; some other place; another (person or thing); other; beyond (one's expectations, imagination, etc.); outside
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
imagination; supposition; guess
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
study; library; den; home office; reading room
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
mutually; with each other; reciprocally; together; both
to be opposite; to face each other; to confront (an issue); to face
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
-clad; in the midst of; tenths (e.g. wholesale price, as tenths of retail price); times (i.e. multiplied by); able-to-seat (of a chair, etc.)
to sit (down); to have a seat; to be seated; to assume (a position); to take on (a duty); to occupy (a post)