indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
vacantly; blankly; openmouthed; with one's mouth wide-open; with a whack; with a thump
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
unexpected; unforeseen; strange
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
by some chance; somehow; in some way; somehow or other; one way or another; by any means possible
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
choices; alternatives; options
loitering; hanging around; wandering around
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
to occur to; to remind of; to come to mind
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
imagination; supposition; guess
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
study; library; den; home office; reading room
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
mutually; with each other; reciprocally; together; both
to be opposite; to face each other; to confront (an issue); to face
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
-clad; in the midst of; tenths (e.g. wholesale price, as tenths of retail price); times (i.e. multiplied by); able-to-seat (of a chair, etc.)
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still