indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
best; extra-fine; exceptionally; extraordinarily; jumping and slashing (e.g. at an enemy)
for example; for instance; e.g.
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to jump up; to spring up; to move around; to bounce up and down; to pound (of one's heart, e.g. with excitement); to throb
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to float; to become merry; to be cheerful; to become loose; to become unsteady; to feel out of it; to be cut off (e.g. from those around you)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
now; the present time; just now; another; more
such; like that; that sort of; very
establishment; creation; posing (a problem); options setting; preference settings; configuration
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to accomplish; to fulfill; to carry out
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
misunderstanding; mistaken idea; wrong guess
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...