ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
how do you do?; nice to meet you; adieu; farewell; bon voyage
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
for a certain reason; owing to unavoidable circumstances
inner palace (reserved for women); harem; seraglio; consort of the emperor
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be ready; to be prepared; to be in order; to be put in order; to be adjusted; to be regulated
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
educational institution; school; academy; campus
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
arrangements; plan; programme; program; preparations
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
how; in what way; how about
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
idea; thought; discretion; forgiveness; pardon
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
denotes uncertainty; such things as A and B; A and B and so on; A and B and the like
sad; wretched; deplorable
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
to go uninvited; to call on without an invitation; to barge in on; to throng to; to crowd into; to converge upon
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
irritating; troublesome; gloomy (e.g. mood); depressing; heavy (weather); cloudy
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")