now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lots of; a ton of; a mountain of; piles of; heaps of; so many
parting gift; remembrance; aftereffect
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
almost; roughly; approximately
coincident with; while; simultaneously
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
My goodness (expresses surprise, wonder, etc.); very; extremely
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
economy; economics; finance; (one's) finances; being economical; economy
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
etc.; et cetera; and so on
every conceivable; every single; every possible; all kinds of
field; sphere; realm; division; branch
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen