indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
to pass (of time); to elapse
one day; (on) a certain day
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
spirit; sprite; energy; vigor (vigour); fine details; semen
tribe; clan; (taxonomical) tribe; group (of the periodic table)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
settlement; village; community; (bacterial) colony
something; some kind of; for some reason
noisy; boisterous; turbulent (era, etc.); troubled
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
proof; evidence; certificate; license; to testify (usu. Christian religious context); enlightenment
protection; safeguard; shugo (Kamakura or Muromachi period military governor)
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
collection; recovery; withdrawal; retrieval
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yawn; yawning; kanji "yawning" radical (radical 76)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
such; like that; that sort of; very
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to make noise; to make racket; to rustle; to swoosh; to make merry; to clamor; to clamour
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
surrounding at a distance
to watch over; to watch attentively
trouble; bother; trouble; difficulty; care; attention
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor