indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
going out to shop; going shopping; buying in quantity; buying wholesale; bulk purchasing
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
than; in comparison to; rather than; over; above
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
meal (e.g. lunch, dinner); diet
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to quarry; to cut (timber); to begin to talk; to break the ice; to start a fire (with flint, by rubbing sticks together, etc.); to select and extract (from a media file)
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
royal capital; imperial capital
physical distribution; distribution of goods; logistics
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
prosperous; flourishing; popular; widespread; active; lively
town; city; municipal; urban
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
trouble; quarrel; difficulties; complication; tangle
to end; to come to an end; to finish; to complete; to finish doing; to be past its (one's) prime
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
soon; before long; slowly; quietly; already; about time
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to