indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
field (for fruits, vegetables, etc.); cultivated land; field (of specialization); sphere; womb; birth
harvest; crop; ingathering; fruits (of one's labors); gain; result
to plant; to grow; to insert; to transplant; to inoculate (e.g. an infectious agent); to instill (idea, value, etc.)
crop; crops; (agricultural) produce; farm products
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
repeated cultivation damage (same crop, same soil); continuous cropping hazard; replant failure
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
while; during; while; although; all; both
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
quantity; amount; generosity; magnanimity; pramana; (in Indian philosophy) means by which one gains accurate and valid knowledge
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
wheat; barley; oat (oats)
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
(water-filled) paddy field
one's own potential; real ability; one's own strength