remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
horsemanship; equestrian art; (art of) riding
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to elevate; to raise; to lift up; to flatter; to extol; to praise to the sky
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
preference; priority; precedence
to forge; to temper; to drill; to train; to discipline
while; even though; despite
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
judgment; judgement; discernment
grasp; catch; understanding
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
June; sixth month of the lunar calendar
by means of; due to; because of; according to
quality; value; nature; inherent quality; logical quality
emperor (of Japan); mikado
poisoning; kill by poison
will; resolution; kindness; goodwill; gift (as a token of gratitude)
accession to the throne; enthronement
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
already; now; no longer; not any more