originally; primarily; essentially; intrinsically; proper; rightful
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
interest; entertainment; pleasure; implicit comparison (style of the Shi Jing)
nth year in the Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
the preceding year; the previous year; last year
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
dethroned emperor or king
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
dying; death; dead; useless; damned
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
taking over (e.g. store or family's headship); subrogation; substitution of one person for another (usu. a creditor)
to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon; to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
Kentoku era (of the Southern Court) (1370.7.24-1372.4.?)
due form; official; formality
accession to the throne; enthronement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
to pass (of time); to elapse
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
disaster; calamity; misfortune; trouble; woes
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
by means of; due to; because of; according to
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
people; citizens; subjects; folk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(social) position; status
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned