this and that; this or that; one thing or another; this way and that
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
inner palace (reserved for women); harem; seraglio; consort of the emperor
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
(in) the middle of; (in) the midst of; (in) the course of; (at) the height of
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
emperor; ruler (with a heavenly mandate); heavenly being; celestial being
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
male coming-of-age-ceremony; shaving one's eyebrows, blackening one's teeth, and wearing one's hair in the marumage style (of a newly married woman; Edo period)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
external; foreign (e.g. relations); public (e.g. image)
China; Han dynasty (China, 202 BCE-220 CE); Han (majority Chinese ethnic group); man
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
guardian; mentor; protector
to behave; to conduct oneself; to entertain; to treat someone (to a drink); to make tea for someone (tea ceremony)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
circumference; outskirts; environs; (computer) peripheral
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
intimacy; friendship; familiarity
exclusion; removal; rejection; elimination; abatement; lifting (sanctions, etc.)
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
breath; breathing; tone; mood
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend