indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
viceroy; governor-general
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
subjugation (using military force); suppression; subduing
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow (a person); to accompany; to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
morality; righteousness; meaning; teachings; doctrine; nonconsanguineous relationship (i.e. of in-laws)
subordinate; secondary; junior; incidental
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...