indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
(Japanese) empress; queen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
sphere; counter for balls
by means of; due to; because of; according to
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
Song dynasty (China, 960-1279); Sung dynasty; Liu Song dynasty (China, 420-479); Liu Sung dynasty; Song (ancient Chinese state, 11th century-286 BCE); Sung
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
family; relatives; dependents; household
Xianbei (ancient nomadic tribe of northern Asia)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
occasion; time; section (of a literary work); paragraph; season; term; principle
palace room for government officials; fellow; set (of people); clan
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result