indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Xianbei (ancient nomadic tribe of northern Asia)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
association; fellowship; change (of season, year, etc.)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
great wall (of China); long wall
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Later Han dynasty (China, 25-220 CE); Eastern Han dynasty; Later Han dynasty (China, 947-950 CE)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
viceroy; governor-general
thorny shrub; wild rose; briar; thorn; cusp
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
ratio; proportion; percentage
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case