indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(arch.) Chinese "Extended Net" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); counter for objects with stretched strings (i.e. bows, kotos), curtains, papers, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
step; stair; grade; rank; counter for breaks in written language (or speech, etc.); dan
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
Qiang (Chinese ethnic group)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
family; relatives; dependents; household
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
palace room for government officials; fellow; set (of people); clan
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine