indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
around 40 (years of age, esp. women)
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
river; stream; River; the ... river
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
senior female worker who supervises junior employees in a domineering fashion
malicious; ill-tempered; unkind
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
on the way home from work; returning from work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
platform; home; home base; home plate
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to thrust down; to push off
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
why; oh; no!; quit it!; stop!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
body and soul; mind and body
tightly (hold, squeeze, etc.); firmly; forcefully (e.g. push); hard
to shorten; to narrow; to close; to shrink
rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become