indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
brilliant; bright; dazzling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to blaze; to burn brightly
one's house; one's home; one's family
cruel; merciless; atrocious; pitiful; tragic; horrible
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to trample down; to devastate
field (for fruits, vegetables, etc.); cultivated land; field (of specialization); sphere; womb; birth
all around; as far as the eye can see
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to burn; to be roasted; to be heated; to be jealous; to be envious
thick; dense; rich (as in taste or content); crowded
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to drift; to float; to waft (e.g. a scent); to hang in the air; to be in the air (e.g. a feeling or mood); to wander; to walk around aimlessly
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
January; first month of the lunar calendar
tenth day of the month; ten days
unforgettable; impossible to forget; lucidly remember
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)