jpdb beta

indicates the target of an activity; -ee (e.g. employee, examinee, trustee)

managing open system

lower government office (ritsuryo system); servant of a higher ranking person (during the middle ages); retainer; servant of an urban family; serf

reason; principle; general principle (as opposed to individual concrete phenomenon); (in neo-Confucianism) the underlying principles of the cosmos

open system