1. -ness
nominalizing suffix indicating degree or condition
2. indicates assertion
at sentence end; mainly masculine
3. come (on); come now; come along; here
used to urge or encourage others
4. er; um; well; now; you see ...
5. indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust; indicates retort
after an interrogative, esp. as の～; at sentence end
6. indicates hearsay or rumor
as（と／って）～; at sentence end
7. hey; yo
rough way of calling out to someone
8. used as a stand-in for various particles to mimic dialectal speech
used by non-speakers of a dialect
9. partial equivalent of the "ni" and "he" particles in standard Japanese