to build up; to complete; to construct; to make up; to fabricate; to invent
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543.1.31-1616.6.1), Shougun 1603-1605
ability; capability; skill
direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
to be cured; to be healed; to cure; to heal; to rule
considerably; greatly; a lot
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
decentralization of power; decentralisation of power
centralized authoritarian rule; centralised authoritarian rule
to conform to; to agree with; to be adapted to; to be based on
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
to pay no attention to (while listening); to take no notice of; to ignore; to let go in one ear and out the other
oh well, fine; fine, I guess; alright, I suppose; OK, then
the West; the Occident; Western countries
major powers of the world; great powers
radicalization; radicalisation; intensification; aggravation; sharpening (e.g. of an image); narrowing (of a peak)
(cannot) possibly; (not) by any means; (not) at all; utterly; absolutely
opposition; rivalry; competition; antagonism
early (days); initial stage; initial
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
revival (e.g. musical); come-back; restoration; rebirth; resurrection
company; friendship; association; society; acquaintance
cutting; severance; section; amputation; disconnection
dawning (of a new era); dawn
foundation; basis; bedrock; substrate (circuit board)
foreign country; other country; another province; strange land; alien land
interference; intervention; meddling
exclusion; removal; rejection; elimination; abatement; lifting (sanctions, etc.)
emergency measures; urgent countermeasures
Kyōhō era (1716.6.22-1736.4.28)
(period of) a year; during an era
chief advisor to the Emperor (adviser)
subjugation (using military force); suppression; subduing
to originate with; to start with; to stem from
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
battle formation; camp; encampment; group; gang; war
on the occasion of; at the time of
Commonwealth of Nations (formerly British Commonwealth)
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
to have a rumor circulating
advance (into a new market or stage of progress); launching (a new career or venture); expanding (into a new market); stepping forward; emerging