year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
first day of the month; (arch.) first ten days of the lunar month
Second World War (1939-1945); World War II; WWII; WW2
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
last; final; closing; last train (bus, flight, etc.; of the day)
position in a game of go or shogi; state of the game; aspect of an affair; situation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(so marvelous or horrible that it may be) the first and probably the last
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to change into; to convert into; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
extermination; annihilation
war; battle; match; game; competition
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
should; must; -able; probably; likely
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
amount of material resources
difference; variation; difference
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to squash; to crush; to flatten
isolation; being alone; being friendless
already; now; no longer; not any more
fall; sinking; surrender; capitulation
just before; on the verge of; on the brink of; just in front of; just ahead of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
siege; encirclement; envelopment; surrounding; besiegement
Red Army (Soviet Union, 1918-1946); Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
gradually; steadily; slowly; little by little; step by step; by degrees
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
ring; circle; hoop; wheel; circle (e.g. of friends)
to narrow; to reduce; to contract
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to escape from; to get out
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with