here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
educational institution; school; academy; campus
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
shallows; shoal; rapids; current; position; place
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
urban areas; the streets; town; city
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to shake; to jolt; to rock (cradle); to swing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
to stand in a row (e.g. shops on a street); to line in a row; to line
state-of-the-art; cutting-edge
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to play a central role; to take a leading part
sea level rise; rise in sea level
influence; effect; to influence; to affect; to have an influence on
coastal region; coastal area; coastline
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
composite; combined; complex
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
university town; college town
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
accurate; correct; precise; exact
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary