huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
small; little; tiny; insignificant; humble; modest
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tidying up; clearing up; cleaning up; clearing away; putting in order
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
suddenly; casually; accidentally; incidentally; unexpectedly; unintentionally
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to notice; to become aware; to be scrupulous; to be attentive; to recover consciousness; to come to oneself
to be truant; to slack off; to play hooky; to skip school; to cut class; to skip out
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to drink oneself dead drunk; to drink oneself unconscious
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
breakup (of a ceremony, wedding, party, meeting, etc.); closure