hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to insert; to put in; to have a griping pain; to flow in; to shine in
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to wake up; to awake; to perk up; to awaken (to the truth, etc.); to come to a realization; to come to one's senses
habit; (social) custom; practice; convention
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
establishment; creation; posing (a problem); options setting; preference settings; configuration
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
including; inclusive of; komi; extra points given to the white player as compensation for playing second (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
last (i.e. immediately preceding); previous; pre- (e.g. premodern); before; before; earlier
rising (from one's bed); getting up; getting out of bed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
peeking; peeping (e.g. through a hole, narrow gap)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to groan; to moan; to roar; to howl; to hum (engine, wind, etc.); to buzz; to ooh and aah (in admiration)