indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to divide; to cut; to halve; to break; to crack; to dilute; to fall below
employee (of a store); shop assistant; clerk; salesperson
to jump out; to rush out; to appear (suddenly); to protrude; to project; to butt in
New Year's Eve; December 31
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
silent (as the grave); deadly silent; deathly quiet
to fall completely silent; to become still as death
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
quarrel; brawl; fight; squabble; scuffle; argument
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
cosplay (dressing in costume, esp. as a manga character, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
to make fun of; to look down on; to make light of
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
PET bottle (clear plastic beverage bottle)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
bento; Japanese box lunch
to incline toward; to slant; to lurch; to go down (sun); to wane; to sink
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen