indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lunch; noon; midday; daytime; waking up; getting up
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
family; members of a family
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to fall into ruin; to be desolated
fallen leaves; leaf litter; falling leaves
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
fully loaded; full load; loaded condition
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
dweller; inhabitant; resident; user (of a website)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
don't you think?; indicates question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
here and there; all around; everywhere; to get things in the wrong order (back to front); to become muddled up
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
tasks; things to do; errand; business (to take care of); affairs; engagement
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
leaving as is; leaving alone; leaving to chance; neglecting; abandoning