indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
city; Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
living by oneself; living alone
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
factory; plant; mill; workshop
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
while; during; while; although; all; both
while; even though; despite
otaku; geek; nerd; enthusiast
living; life; judo art of resuscitation; action; activity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to strive; to endeavour; to endeavor; to make an effort; to be zealous
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
civilian clothes; plain clothes; mufti; plainclothes police officer
break room; lounge (e.g. in an onsen); resting room
(short) rest; breather; break
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
task; (doing a) bit of work; difficult task; hard work
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
(a) dose; (a) puff; (a) smoke; lull; short rest
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to finger; to touch; to make changes to; to tinker with; to dabble in; to do as a hobby
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed