indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
walking on frost; crunching (e.g. on gravel); lots of coins or jewels; cutting into large pieces; loosely weaving; large (pieces, stitches, sand grains, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
bento; Japanese box lunch
to plant; to grow; to insert; to transplant; to inoculate (e.g. an infectious agent); to instill (idea, value, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
don't you think?; indicates question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
lunch; midday meal; food served at a tea party (tea ceremony)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!