indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
don't you think?; indicates question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to face; to go towards; to head towards
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you