indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to cease; to stop; to be over
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to get dark; to grow dark; to end (of a day, year, season, etc.); to come to an end; to be sunk in (e.g. despair); to be lost in (e.g. thought)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be dyed; to be tainted; to be infected; to be stained
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
in that way; thus; so; so?
with these words; while saying
again; once more; a second time
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
originally; by nature; from the start
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
suitable time; good time; propriety; moderation
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
wherein; therein; thereinto
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become