indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
wooden box carried on one's back to store items for a pilgrimage
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
counter for articles; counter for military units; individual
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
wife; bride; (one's) daughter-in-law
surplus-; excess-; over-; per- (chemical with more of a certain element than found in other compounds of the same constituents)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
second (party to an agreement); the B party (e.g. in a contract); stylish; chic; strange; quaint
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
dam; weir; barrier; sluice
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thin rice porridge; watery cooked rice; rice gruel; breakfast (in Zen temples)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already